The Observation Of The Bystander Effect - 1079 Words

Scientific Rationale General Aims: What is your general topic area? Inform the reader briefly of the overall topic and why it is of interest. The general topic area is about The Bystander Effect. John M.Darley and Bibb Latane research about the bystander effect based on the story of Kitty Genovese. Also known as individuals are less likely to help in a situation in the presence of others (Greitemeyer and Mugge, 201 p.116). When doing this literature research for the bystander effect, it discover that different types of emergency situations impact how individuals react. It was discovered that the main focus was on the idea of feeling responsible for a situation and actions that occur as a result. The interest of learning about the†¦show more content†¦For this research, emotions was the main focus on the bystander effect theory. Shalom H. Schwartz and Avi Gottlieb (1980) found that the reactions of the participants could interfere with the decisions being made during any situation. (Schwartz and Gottlieb, 1968). This research was able to show that emotions do play a role in our decision making in any situations. Schwartz, S. H., Gottlieb, A. (1980). Bystander anonymity and reactions to emergencies. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 418-430. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.418 Latan, B. And Darley, J. M. Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1968, 10, 215-221. Hypothesis and Specific Aims: What idea does that research give you that you want to check out? In other words, state your hypothesis, including your theoretical IV and DV. It should be clear how this is different from what is already known. The hypothesis for this experiment was: Do our emotions specifically those of empathy or personal distress, interfere with our actions in a given situation? It was discovered that this question fit perfectly with the Bystander Effect Theory based on the idea that emotions could occur in any time of the day and still could affect one’s decisions making during any situations. The independent variable for this experiment is emotions. The dependent variable for this experiment is whether or not theShow MoreRelatedObservation Of The Bystander Effect Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this research paper is to help precisely identify the â€Å"bystander effect† as defined by noted social psychologists. It will also explain why the bystander effect occurs and with whom it occurs more often. Using multiple examples of psychological studies on this concept, this paper will give reasons the bystander effect is an important and yet controversial thing to study. Additi onally, it will outline how these studies are conducted and the setbacks of those methods. Lastly, this paperRead MoreThe Bystander Effect On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesDimitri Alaiwat Mrs. Gumina English III 22 March 2015 The Bystander Effect Would one help some random person on the street in need? What if they were out in the frigid cold with no home or warm clothes? How about if the person was a woman getting physically harassed by her boyfriend? Most people would say â€Å"yes† to these questions, but would they actually help if any of these situations occurred in their lives? â€Å"The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in whichRead MoreHistorical Representation: An Undervalued Paradox Essay1274 Words   |  6 Pagesthe mass-production of not only the recounting of historical events on large screens, but also the possible re-creation of those events. When something is re-created, the new product simply, by definition, could not put into perspective the overall effects of historical events properly. To captivate and to understand the death of one man for another on a movie screen hurts my head to even contemplate. One of the first American films, The Birth of A Nation, by D.W. Griffith, pioneers groundbreakingRead MoreBystander Effect And Crises : Bystander Effects1625 Words   |  7 Pages Anthony R. Hudgens March 24, 2016 Case Study #4 Bystander Effect and Crises Bystander Effect and Crises A woman by the name of Kitty Genovese was stalked and stabbed to death in an alleyway of Queens, New York, in 1964 (Pugh Henry). It is reported that there were nearly 40 witnesses who heard her screams for help but failed to do so (Colangelo, 2014). Why is it that some individuals tend to shy away from bad situations in which help is clearly needed? Kitty’s murderer, Winston MoselyRead MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 Pagesthought process, their reaction to situations, and one’s reaction to stimuli. d. Behavioral or Social Learning: One that advocates the theoretical beliefs of Social Learning [Theory] would believe that learning is based on the environment and observations. This also puts into account that humans think about the relationship about behavior and consequences, an â€Å"if and then† machine. Therefore, in regards to human aggression, it can be logical to say that it is through the mimicking, example or mediaRead MoreEssay The Bystander Effect2567 Words   |  11 Pagesrespect to the events being observed. Description of the Events The events that are described here come from my personal observations that have been encountered during my early high school years. The two events are somewhat opposite from each other, and in both cases a third-party person has a choice of whether or not to get involved. However, according to my observations a third-party person has interfered in one of the events but not the other. The first event took place in the wooded areaRead MoreEvolution of Social Psychology Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagespsychology has existed, began with the work of the Norman Triplett in the late 1890s. Tripletts work at Indiana University was primarily experimentation with people in competitive settings. Gordon Allport followed Tripletts experimentation with his observations the attitudes of individuals and the study of the self. While these contributions to the history of social psychology were important, the question still remains of what the most significant event in the history of psychology was. The argument willRead MoreGender Roles And Their Effects On Prosocial Behavior1465 Words   |  6 Pages Gender Roles and Their Effects on Prosocial Behavior Kathleen N. Webster Salem State University â€Æ' Abstract The present study was designed to examine the effect of gender roles and prosocial behavior. More specifically, the goal was to determine which sex (male or female) would be more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors. Existing gender roles suggest that women are likely to be emotionally expressive, intuitive, and sympathetic, while men are assertive, dominant, and likely to takeRead MoreThe Effects of Bullying in Students1124 Words   |  5 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF BULLYING TO THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF TAGOLOAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SY: 2014-2015 by: Fernandez, Dimple A. Besa, Lindsay Q. Canoy, Richel Mae V. Dael, Bema A. Damiles, Jewel D. Parlocha, Michelle B. Pil, Riza Jane A. Introduction Bullying is the act to threat a weaker being to make them do something and hurt them emotionally or physically which later on affects a victim’s everyday life. From the looks of it, some students, especially those who areRead MoreThe Bystander Effect On Children Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesthat question is what is commonly known as, The Bystander Effect. First of all, a bystander, is a person who is present at an event, or incident, but does not take part. (Dictionary.com) This phenomenon has been pondered and experimented upon for decades. The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.† (Kendra Cherry 1) The bystander effect has taken a toll upon very many people. It is very

The Mentally Ill - 1679 Words

Throughout history, human societies have had conflicting views on insanity and how it is defined in life. Primitive cultures found peace within shamans and witch doctors because they believed the insane were possessed by evil spirits. From then on, in Roman and Greek cultures, there was a somewhat progressive ideology that mental illness came from biological and emotional ailments. They believed in treating those with mental disorders humanely and respectfully which is an attitude that has been forgotten through history and sadly, still is today. However, the Middle Ages became the end of these progressive ideas and introduced insane asylums who â€Å"helped† the mentally ill. Up until the 20th century, insane asylums were used to restrict†¦show more content†¦Ken Kesey’s ideas sprung from his personal experience working in the psychiatric ward of a veteran’s hospital. Kesey came to believe that there was little true mental illness and that patients were declared insane because they acted in ways that society was unwilling to accept. Kasey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest works to understand the idea of insanity and sanity as well as who has the authority and the right to decide what characterizes them. When looking into the depths of this book, it becomes apparent that there is a concept of irony throughout the book. In a mental hospital, one may assume that the people deemed fit to run the institution or be a part of the working community there would at least, (if not able to personally help the patients) be able to provide care that is not damaging them further. Although this would seem to be the most appropriate and morally good atmosphere of any institution, one of the most prominent insinuations of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest happens to be the insanity of most aspects of the Psych Ward, especially Nurse Ratched. Nurse Ratched has no future or current plans of actually helping anyone there, but is somewhat lacking a conscious and can be seen as a depiction of narcissism. She has an agenda set out to control everyone in the institution, including the employees as she picks them based on who is the weakest and most

Institutional Affiliation The Equality Act 2010

Question: (i) The relationship between employer and employee is governed by the contract of service. Although this is valid without writing, an employer is required by the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA 1996) to provide employees with a written statement of terms. Explain: The sources of the terms of the employment contract The common law duties of the employee The common law duties of the employer Total: 33% of the marks for the report (ii) Employers have a duty to ensure that their employment practices comply with the law. The Equality Act 2010 (EA 2010) aims to harmonise law relating to discrimination. Explain the following: 1) The scope and structure of the EA 2010 2) What are the different types of discrimination covered by the EA 2010 3) What action employers must take to ensure compliance with the EA 2010 Total: 33% of the marks for the report (iii) (a) Identify and explain the main sources of European Union (EU) Law. (b) Explain the following directives and how they impact on the f unction of businesses in the UK: Directive 92/85/EC Directive 2000/78/EC Answer: (i) The relationship between employer and employee The sources of the terms of the employment contract: The main sources of the terms of the employment contract can be described as the common law, statute law and the European law that has been provided by the European Directives and also provided by the European Court of Justice Decisions. At this point is worth mentioning that all employees in UK work under an employment contract and as a result, the common law rules of contract provide the legal basis for the relationship that exists between employers and employees. Although it is not required by the law, but in most of the cases, there is a written employment contract present between the parties. In this regard, a choice has been provided to the parties of describing the law that will be applicable to such a contract (Kidner, 2009). However in this regard, there are certain mandatory employment protection rights that have been mentioned in the statutes and these are applicable to the employment contracts both, written and unwritten, regardless of the situation under the contract law . Similarly, the matters related with the liability of the employers regarding the actions of the employees are governed by the tort law and it also governs the liability of the employers for accidents taking place at the workplace. In this way, it is clear that apart from the common law, statute law also provides the basis for the terms of the employment contract. Particularly after the 1970s, there has been a significant growth in the employment protection laws in the UK. These legislations have been introduced for the purpose of supplementing the common law rules related with the terms of employment contract. Some of the major statutes that are related with employment contracts are the Equal Pay Act, 1970, Sex Discriminati 1974 on act, 1975, Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974, Employment Act, 2002, Employment Relations Act, 2004 etc. Along with the common law and the relevant statutes, large volume of secondary legislation is present in the form of regulations that also provide a basis for the terms of employment contract. For example, in this context, there are several codes of practice that have been developed by different agencies of government for the purpose of supporting the relevant laws. In this way, although these codes of practice to not have a direct impact on the terms of employment contract however, these codes may be considered by the courts when they are deciding if in a particular case, the statutory obligations have been fulfilled by the employer, or not. At the same time, the European law also has considerable impact on the terms of the employment contract. The common law duties of the employee: A number of duties have been imposed on the employees in case of employment relationship. In this context, the common-law duties of the employees can be described as follows. The obligations and the duties that are owned by the employees towards an employer can be mentioned in the employment contract but the longer version this regard that the employees owe certain duties towards their employer even if they have not been mentioned in the employment contract. The duties of the employees include the duty to what could have been done by any other reasonable employee under the circumstances, the duty to act with honesty, the duty not to disrupt business and the duty to disclose wrongdoing. Although this does not include 'spent' convictions however the employee is under an obligation to disclose the wrongdoings of other employees even if this result in incriminating the employee. It is also the duty of the employees to follow and carry out the orders of their employers so long as the orde rs are legal. Similarly the employees are also under an obligation not to disclose the confidential information received from the employer. The common law also requires that the employees should act with reasonable care and skill. The other obligations of the employee include the duty to look after the property of the employer if the employer is using such property. The common law also imposes a duty on the employees that they should not compete in business against their employer while they are working as an employee. The common also provides that it is the duty of the employees to give to their employer, any invention that has been developed by them during their employment. The common law duties of the employer: While several duties have been imposed on the employees, the common law as also prescribes certain duties on part of the employers that are owed towards the employees. These duties can be implied by the law or these duties can also be present in the employment contract. The first duty of the employers, prescribed by the common law is the duty to pay the agreed amount of the employee when the employee has arrived for work and is in a position to work. It is also the common law duty of the employers to provide work to the employees. The common law also requires that the employers should follow the rules related with ensuring the health and safety of the employees. The employers also have a responsibility to provide information to the employees regarding their rights under the contract. The employers also have an obligation to provide a reasonable opportunity to the employees to have their complaints considered. Although it is not a duty of the employers to provide references to the emp loyee, but in case a reference is being provided by the employer, it is the duty of the employed to ensure that the reference is completed with reasonable care and skill and it should be fair, true and accurate. It also needs to be mentioned that both the employees as well as the employers owe a duty of mutual trust and confidence towards each other. (ii) Employers have a duty to ensure that their employment practices comply with the law The scope and structure of the EA 2010: It has been provided by the law that the employers should adopt the employment practices that comply with the law. In case there is a failure to comply with the legal provisions by the employers, they may experience costly claims initiated by the workers (Hepple, 2000). Therefore in this question, the steps that can be taken by the employers for making sure that they comply with the provisions of equality, 2010 have been discussed and at the same time the scope and structure of the Act along with the different types of discrimination covered by this legislation have also been discussed. What are the different types of discrimination covered by the EA 2010: With the introduction of the Equality Act, 2010 various earlier legislations that were implemented for the purpose of ensuring fair treatment of the employees had been consolidated. In this context, certain obligations have been imposed by the Equality Act on the employers which requires that they should take the employees with dignity and respect. It is also required in this regard by the Equality Act that the employers should adopt fair and just policies at the workplace (Duggan, 2010). Similarly, the employers should also adopt the procedures and policies that are in tune with different provisions of the Act (Hepple, 2011). It can also be said that as a result of the enforcement of the Equality Act, it is now easier to comply with different anti-discrimination law as all the obligations that are imposed by the law on the employees are mentioned in this single piece of legislation. What action employers must take to ensure compliance with the EA 2010: In Part 5 of the Equality Act, it has been mentioned that all the persons need to be protected against any type of discrimination at the workplace or when they are looking for employment. In the same way, the protection against discrimination is also available to the employees when they are engaged in the activities related with the work. A defense has also been provided to the employers by the Equality Act against a claim of discrimination made by an employee if they are in a position to defend the particular policy or practice. Commonly, the workers bring a discrimination claim against the businesses related with disability discrimination, direct age discrimination or indirect discrimination. Consequently, when an employee has made a claim of discrimination, it is available to the employers to defend the claim by proving that such practice or treatment that was adopted by the employer was fortunate means of achieving a legitimate objective. But while dealing with this issue, the courts are also under an obligation to consider if this purpose represented a real need or not. In this regard, the court also has to see if the means used by the business in order to attain the objective can be described as proportionate or if any other less discriminatory means were available to the employer for achieving such a purpose. I n this way if the employers can establish that a legitimate purpose was present behind such a treatment of the employee and similarly they can also prove that there was no less discriminatory method present to achieve the purpose, such discrimination is justifiable by the employer. The scope of the Equality Act extends to the process of recruitment also. In this regard, it is required by the law that the employer should adopt prejudice free process of recruitment. They are also under an obligation to ensure that, for example no racial discrimination takes place in the process of recruitment (Wyatt, 2009). Similarly, in case of the overseas qualifications of any candidate, that is equivalent to the UK qualifications, the employers under an obligation to treat the qualifications equally (Fredman, 2011). Similarly, it is also required that the employer should ensure that the application form has been designed in such a way that it can be effortlessly read by the persons with eyesight problems. The Equality Act also mentions that it is unlawful for the employers to have a preference for younger candidates unless such preference can be justified (Bourne, 2008). The provisions of the Equality Act are also applicable to the job advertisements which include the adverti sements present on a website, shop window or on a noticeboard. In all these cases, an obligation has been imposed by the Act on the employers to ensure that no impression of discrimination is given by such an advertisement (French, Mayson and Ryan, Mayson, 2008). For example, in this regard it should not be mentioned in the job advertisements that there will be a preference for male or female candidates. Doing so may result in a claim for sex discrimination unless this preference is necessary due to the peculiar needs of the work because of which, only the persons of a specific sex need to be hired. The provisions of the Equality Act are applicable to all the employers, irrespective of the number of employees. In view of this position, the provisions of the Equality Act are applicable to all the employers (Lawson, 2011). In most of the cases, the Act is also applicable to the temporary workers and also in case of the employees who have not entered into a written employment contract (Curtin, 1990). The provisions also apply to the employees hired as apprentices, trainees or business partners. In this way, the Act has prescribed duties for all the employers, irrespective of their size (Ashianty, 2010). However there may be a difference in the way in which the duties prescribed by the equality are fulfilled by large and small employers. Therefore, normally less written policies are introduced by small businesses due to the financial constraints. In order to protect the employees, certain protected characteristics have been prescribed by the Equality Act. iii. Explain the following directives Directive 92/85/EC Directive 92/85/EEC is related with the implementation of measures for the purpose of encouraging enhancement in health and safety of pregnant workforce, the woman workers who have given birth or the woman workers were breast-feeding. In this regard, this directive can be described as the implementation of Framework Dir. 89/391/EEC that is related with the introduction of measures for the purpose of encouraging developments in the health/safety of the workers in general (Morris, Willey and Sachdev, 2002). Therefore, according to this directive, a uninterrupted maternity leave of at least 14 weeks, out of which, two weeks should be before delivery, the right to take time off for ante-natal checks without the loss of salary, in case such examination is needed during duty hours and in the same way, this directive also provides that the dismissal of an employee on the grounds of maternity has been prohibited (Kumm, 2005). At the same time, this directive also provides that under no circu mstances, the pregnant workers should be made to perform the duties regarding which, a danger of exposure to the working conditions and agents that have been mentioned in Annex II has been revealed, according to section A of the Directive. In the same way, it has also been provided that the woman employees are not under an obligation to work at night during their pregnancy and for certain time after they have given birth. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the employers to transfer such woman workers to work in the day where possible otherwise, they should be excused from work or extend their maternity leave. This Directive also has a significant impact on the business in the UK. As a result, the Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) Regulations 2002 were implemented which presented innovative maternity leave rights for the woman. Therefore now the pregnant employees are eligible for 26 weeks of ordinary maternity leave, irrespective of the period for which they have worked f or that particular employer. In case, a woman worker has worked for her employer for 26 weeks by the beginning of the 14 week before the expected week of the childbirth, such a woman worker can take additional maternity leave from the six weeks. Normally the additional maternity leave is unpaid but in some cases, the woman worker may have rights under their contract to receive pay during the additional maternity leave (Chalmers, Davies and Monti, 2010). As a result of The Statutory Maternity Pay, Social Security and Social Security Regulations 2006, the statutory merger and believe has been extended to 39 weeks and all the woman workers are entitled to take up to 52 weeks of maternity leave. Directive 2000/78/EC Directive 2000/78/EC provides a general framework that is related with ensuring equal treatment in occupation. This Directive prohibits any discrimination due to age, sexuality, religion, belief or disability. The meaning of the principle of equal treatment is that no direct/indirect discrimination should take place on the grounds that have been mentioned above (Peters, 2010). For the purpose of ensuring compliance with the norm of equal treatment, regarding the disabled persons, it is required that reasonable accommodation should be provided (Burca, 1992). Therefore, an obligation has been imposed on the employers to take appropriate measures for the purpose of allowing a person with disability to take part in employment. References Ashianty, S (2010) The Equality Act 2010: main concepts, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 11 (1/2), pp.29-42 Bourne, N., (2008) Bourne on Company Law, 4th Edition, Routledge-Cavendish Damian Chalmers, Gareth Davies and Giorgio Monti, 2010, European Union Law Text and Materials (2nd edn, Cambridge University Press) 113 Deidre Curtin, (1990) The Province of Government: Delimiting the Direct Effect of Directives in the Common Law Context 15 European Law Review 195 Duggan, M (2010) Equality Act 2010: a guide to the new law, London: The Law Society. Fredman, S (2011) The Public Sector Equality Duty, Industrial Law Journal, 40 (4), pp.405-427 French, D., Mayson, S., and Ryan, C., Mayson, (2008) French Ryan on Company Law, 25th Edition, Oxford University Press Grainne De Burca, (1992) Giving Effect to European Community Directives, 55 Modern Law Review 215, 224 Hepple, B (2011) Equality: the new legal framework, Oxford: Hart Publishing. Hepple, B. (2000) Equality: a New Framework: Report of the Independent Review of the Enforcement of UK Anti-discrimination Legislation. Oxford Kidner, R. 2009, Blackstone's Statutes on Employment Law 2009-2010, OUP Oxford Lawson, A (2011) Disability and employment in the Equality Act 2010: opportunities lost, seized and generated, Industrial Law Journal, 40 (4) pp. 359-383 Mattias Kumm, (2005) The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Conflict: Constitutional Supremacy in Europe Before and After the Constitutional Treaty, 11 European Law Journal 262, Morris, H., Willey, B. and Sachdev, S. (2002) Managing in a Business Context: an HR Approach. London: Prentice Hall Peters, M. (2010) Findings from the Survey of Employment Tribunal Applications 2008, Employment Relations Research Series, No. 107, London: Department of Business, Innovation and Skills Selwyn N. 2008 Law of Employment, OUP Oxford Wyatt, D. 2009 Community Competence to Regulate the Internal Market in Michael Doyle, B, Casserley, C, Cheetham S. (2010) Equality and discrimination: the new law, Bristol: Jordan Publishing

Case Study on Criminological Theory On Drug Use

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Criminological Theory on Drug Use? Answer: Criminological Theory on Drug Use Crimes relating to drugs take place because of the illicit use of drugs undoubtedly. The statistics of the United Kingdom (UK) show that recreational use of drugs and crime has a significant relationship in between (Bean, 2004). Mainly, we are discussing the association of crime and use of illicit drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, and this topic have a major area of debate and research. However, the nature of the relationship between crime and drug is not clear till date and it is a topic for many discussions Griffiths, Mounteney and Laniel, 2012). Drug-related crime includes the acts of crime committed by those who used drugs or related to selling or buying the drugs and excludes violations of the drug laws (Bean, 2014). Goldstein distinguished the drug-induced crime into three types (Duke, 2013). Economic- compulsive crime means the crimes done by one due to the need of additional income for funding the drug purchases that are made necessary for habitual use of drugs. Psychopharmacological is the crime generating by the reaction of the drug in ones brain, for that one loose self-control or the capacity for decision making, or become violent due to the external provocation. Systematic violence is the feature of the functioning of illicit markets, where the legal contract enforcement is impracticable (Wood, Greene and Dargan, 2013). It is to be noted that economic-compulsive crime can be related to any types of consumption, for not only the illegal drugs but some people also commit the crime for money to purchase tobacco, clothes or alcohol. For this use of unusual medicines, there is a long-run indirect effect can happen which is hard to evaluate. For example, use of illicit drugs may lead to impairi ng of intellectual ability, effect the achievements in education and the employment prospects, etc. (Martin et al. 2013). Categories of Drugs The Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971 categorises drugs into three classes, namely: Class A: This category includes cocaine and crack, LSD, heroin, methamphetamine (crystal meth), ecstasy, methadone, magic mushrooms that contain the ester of psilocin and any injected Class B drug. Class A drugs are characterised as most dangerous among all the classes. Class B: This includes codeine, amphetamine (not methamphetamine), ketamine, cannabis and barbiturates. In this class, we also find the drugs like mephedrone, methedrone, methylone and MDPV, which are controlled by the Class B drugs since 2010. Class C: We can describe minor tranquillisers, anabolic steroids, GHB and GBL, and khat in the Class C category (Monaghan, 2012). Representation of the crime The Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971 (Act) proposes prevention of drug usage for the non-medical purpose. The Act controls both medicinal drugs and the drugs, which are not in use currently. This Act deals with the controlled drugs which defines a series of offences including the unlawful supply and possession of the drugs. For enforcement of the Act, the police have the extraordinary powers to search, stop and detain any person on a reasonable suspicion (Duke, 2013). Offences under the Act The Misuse of Drugs Act includes the following offences: Possession of the Controlled Drugs Possession of drugs intending to supply to the other person Cultivation, production or production of the controlled drugs Supply or proposal to supply the controlled drugs to another person Export or import of controlled drugs Allow any premises occupied by one to use for consumption of some of the controlled drugs, such as smoking of opium or cannabis, or production and supply of any controlled drugs Certain controlled drugs may be consumed, which can be obtained by the prescription of a doctor. In that case, the possession is legal. Exceptions Some drugs that are covered by other legislations are not treated as the exception under the Act, namely, alcohol, GBL, poppers, tobacco, solvents, minor tranquilities and anabolic steroids (Romero, Magaloni and Daz-Cayeros, 2014). Penalties Sentences for the offences under the Act can differ as per the nature of the crimes. For possession of Class A drugs, one can be punished with imprisonment for 7 years and a fine, and for the supply, one can be imprisoned for life and pay the fine. If one person is arrested for possession of Class B drugs, then he or she can be punished with imprisonment for 5 years and pay fine, and for the supply of the same, one is punished with imprisonment for 14 years and with fine. In the case of possession of Class C drugs, one can be imprisoned for 2 years and pay the fine. For the supply of the Class C drugs, one can be punished the same as for the Class B drugs. The maximum sentence differs as per the character of the offence (Reuter, 2013). 2005- Drugs Act To prove the offence under this Act, if the suspect found in possession of drugs greater than the quantity required for personal use, then the burden of proof of such possession shall lie on the suspect. The defendant has to prove that he is not intended to supply the drugs. The police have the right of compulsory drug-testing of the arrested persons where they have rational grounds to believe that an offence related to Class A drugs involved (Walters, 2014). The Medicines Act 1968 This act oversees the supply and manufacture of medicine. This act includes three categories of medical drugs. The most restricted are prescription only medicine (Appelbe and Wingfield 2013). Pharmacists can sell pharmacy medicines without a prescription. General sales list medicines may be sold not only from a pharmacy but in any shop (Pierce et al. 2015). Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 Along with the Misuses of Drugs Act, this Act penalises the unlawful import or export of the controlled drugs. Road Traffic Act 1972 The offence for which one can be charged under this Act is while driving an automobile being in a poor condition to drive due to drugs or drinks. The drugs included prescribed medicines, solvents or illegal drugs (Appelbe and Wingfield 2013). Drug Trafficking Act 1994 An offence relating to this Act includes selling of instruments or articles that use for the preparation of the controlled drugs, like snorting kits of cocaine. The Act authorises seizure of the assets or the income of the person who may be held guilty of the drug trafficking (Newburn, 2012). Crime and Disorder Act 1998 This Act initiates enforcement of drug treatment and the testing orders, for those people who are convicted of the offences committed due to continuing their use of drugs (Facchin and Margola, 2015). Statistics of Illicit drugs use In this report, we are discussing the trends and extent of unlawful use of drugs among the adults aged from 16 to 59 years in the year 2014/15 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) (Newburn, 2012). The survey measured the level of the drugs used by the person during his/her lifetime, except cannabis. Last year drug use among adults and young adults Approximately 1 in 12 (8.6%) adults aged between 16 to 59 took an illicit drug in the last year, which equated to about 2.8 million people. The drug use level lowered than the survey report of the decade ago. Around 1 in every 5 (19.4%) young adults in the age group of 16 to 24 had taken the illicit drugs (Degenhardt and Hall 2012). The proportion is more than the wider age group people consumed, equated about 1.2 million people. As per the 2014/15 CSEW, Class A drugs had taken by 3.2% of the adults aged 16 to 59 years, which is equivalent to over one million people (Degenhardt and Hall 2012). The use of Class A drugs is strong and has a trend of long-term use over the last few years. Since 2009/10, one considerable change was the fall in 2012/13, and then a subsequent rise in 2013/14 return the use of the drug in the previous level. Trends and extent of individual drug use (a) Cannabis Cannabis found to be the most used drugs in the last year. 6.7 percent adults are aged about 16 to 59 years used cannabis, which is similar to 6.6 per cent to the survey of 2013/14. Between 1998 and 2003/04, there is a stable position in the use of cannabis at about 10 percent adults. There was a fall to 6.5 per cent in the year 2009/10 in the use of cannabis and since then, the percentage of drug use has been relatively flat, between six to seven percent (Degenhardt and Hall 2012). Among the young adults of 16 to 24 years age group, use of cannabis is most familiar with a use of 16.3 percent in the last year. There is no significant statistical difference from 2013/14 (15.1%). There is a steady increase in the use of cannabis since 2012/13. (b) Powder cocaine Powder cocaine is the second most commonly used drugs (2.3% in the 2014/15 survey) in the age group of 16 to 59 years in the recent years. However, in the age group of 16 to 24 years, powder cocaine is the third most commonly used drugs (4.8%). Compared to the previous year, there are no significant changes in using of powder cocaine in any of the age groups. The use of powder cocaine among the age group of 16 to 59 years sharply ascended between surveys of 1996 and 2000 (0.6 to 2.0%) and the increasing rate among the 16 to 24 years age group increased from 1.3% to 5.2%. (c) Ecstasy The level of use of ecstasy in the age group of 16 to 59 years is 1.7 percent in the survey of 2014/15, which is similar to the last year (1.6%). The proportion of using ecstasy in the age group of 16 to 59 years has fluctuated between 1 and 2 per cent since the surveys began in 1996. The ecstasy use increased from 3.9 per cent to 5.4 per cent in the age group of 16 to 24 years in the last year, as shown in the surveys of the 2013/14 and 2014/15. This data had shown that there is an increase of 95,000 people from the last year. (d) Other illicit drugs A small statistical increase found in the use of magic mushrooms for the adults of 16 to 59 years from 0.4% in the 2013/14 survey to 0.5% in the 2014/15 survey. Similarly, no statistically significant changes found in the use of drugs among young adults aged 16 to 24 years, except the increase in the use of ecstasy. (e) Khat Khat became a Class C controlled drug on 24th June 2014, for that only last years khat usage included in the survey. Use of khat has fallen to 0.04 percent in the last year among the adults aged 16 to 59 years (Gov.uk, 2016) . Theories on Criminology Three models exist to sustain that some crimes guide to the drug use. Firstly, the subcultural theory states that the individuals who are involved in subcultures of criminal nature, supposed to contribute to the antisocial and criminal behaviour comprising the use of drugs (Akers, 2013). Secondly, the situational control theory states the crime that permits the promotion of the unrestricted conduct. The third theory is of self-medication. This theory advocates the underlying problems of one individual, which is responsible for the criminal actions. By the way of having the drugs, the person wanted to deal with those problems (Akers, 2013). The theory that the crime occurs because of drug use, as with the view that because of drug use crime arose, this emerges too simple. No evidence supports the unidirectional casual association between the offence and drug use (Braakmann and Jones, 2014). For this reason, the alternative theories developed that there is a complex interaction of casual events which leads to the link between the crime and drug use (Clutterbuck, 2013). The casual web theory has not supported the idea of crime leads to the use of drug and vice versa. This theory has the view that there is an association between the crime and drug use and both are interconnected that affected by the alternative variables (Jennings et al. 2014). Bean (2004) proposed four theories relating to the casual web model. Firstly, the general derivation theory states that the crime and use of drug extend from the corresponding source, that include the anti-social syndrome. Secondly, the reciprocal models suggest that the relationship between crime and drug use looks like bi-directional, means both mutually reinforced as they are dependent on each other. Thirdly, the spurious or co-morbidity model advocates that drug and the crime are unison, but it always occur by chance. At last, the policy model suggesting the connection between the crime and the drug use resulting in the impact of the policy of criminal justice (Fagan et al. 2014). There are numerous studies, which attempt to establish the relationship between the drugs and crime, but they failed to explain any common link between these two (Bright, 2011). The association of drugs and crime is supported by the notion of presentation of a complex system of interactions. This theory identifies that some people use drugs for the commitment of the crime, but to create any relationships between the two is an extremely complex process (Voisin et al. 2012). Drug policy of the government over the last decade focuses on four main issues, such as supply reduction, prevention of the use of a drug, the treatment given to the problematic drug users and enforcement of the drug laws (Heal, 2015). Treatment of drug addicts included harm reduction measures, and aware the number of people about the substitution treatment. Still the supply of the drugs cannot be controlled by the government of the UK (Monaghan, 2014). The prices of drugs ascending day by day. Though the prices declined, still the activity of drug selling remains very attractive. In a recent study involving the interviews of incarcerated drug dealers reveals that there are several ways of dealing the drugs and the financial return relates to high rates. It is not evident that the return from drug dealing is more than the compensation of the participants who has the risk of arrest by the data alone (Martinez et al. 2014). This study states that there are low levels of violence in the drug markets. Conclusion In a recent finding, there is a statement that the theories support the unidirectional casual relationship between the crime and drug use became over-simplistic. On the contrary, from the evidence, we can find that the association of the crime and drug use is the complicated method, which involves a lot of interactions (Moore and Measham, 2012). Despite the remittance taken by the government of the UK and the substantial investments, the UK occupied the top position in the list of the European countries for the use of drugs and its dependence. The central point of the drug policy of the UK is that there is a reasonable evidence influencing the drug users or the dependant of drug addicts. We did not find any evidence that for the enforcement of the law, or the prevention methods made any changes in the use of drugs. Policies only focus on just one part of the crime and drug link, but the other part of the relationship is ignored. For that reason, the policies are not favourable (Steve ns, 2011). There is a need for future research that has the particular communications between the relationship of the crime and drug use. The researchers will assist in improving the effective policies dealing with this issue. References Akers, R.L., 2013.Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Routledge. Appelbe, G.E. and Wingfield, J., 2013.Dale and Appelbe's Pharmacy and Medicines Law. Pharmaceutical Press. Bean, P., 2014.Drugs and crime. Routledge. Braakmann, N. and Jones, S., 2014. Cannabis depenalisation, drug consumption and crimeEvidence from the 2004 cannabis declassification in the UK.Social Science Medicine,115, pp.29-37. Bright, D. (2011). Drugs of Abuse Volume II: Drugs and Crime.Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(2), pp.230-231. Clutterbuck, R., 2013.Terrorism, Drugs Crime in Europe After 1992. Routledge. Degenhardt, L. and Hall, W., 2012. Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease.The Lancet,379(9810), pp.55-70. Duke, K., 2013. From crime to recovery the reframing of British drugs policy?.Journal of drug issues,43(1), pp.39-55. Duke, K., 2013. From crime to recovery the reframing of British drugs policy?.Journal of drug issues,43(1), pp.39-55. Facchin, F. and Margola, D., 2015. Researching Lived Experience of Drugs and Crime A Phenomenological Study of Drug-Dependent Inmates.Qualitative health research, p.1049732315617443. Fagan, A.A., Van Horn, M.L., Hawkins, J.D. and Jaki, T., 2013. Differential effects of parental controls on adolescent substance use: For whom is the family most important?.Journal of quantitative criminology,29(3), pp.347-368. Gov.uk, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/462885/drug-misuse-1415.pdf [Accessed 6 Jan. 2016]. Griffiths, P., Mounteney, J. and Laniel, L., 2012. Understanding changes in heroin availability in Europe over time: emerging evidence for a slide, a squeeze and a shock.Addiction,107(9), pp.1539-1540. Heal, A., 2015.Journeys into Drugs and Crime: Jamaican Men Involved in the UK Drugs Trade. Palgrave Macmillan. Jennings, W.G., Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P., Ttofi, M.M., Crago, R.V. and Theobald, D., 2014. The Intersections of Drug Use Continuity With Nonviolent Offending and Involvement in Violence Over the Life Course Findings From the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, p.1541204014559524. Martin, N.K., Hickman, M., Hutchinson, S.J., Goldberg, D.J. and Vickerman, P., 2013. Combination interventions to prevent HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: modeling the impact of antiviral treatment, needle and syringe programs, and opiate substitution therapy.Clinical infectious diseases,57(suppl 2), pp.S39-S45. Martinez, S.M., Blanco, E., Delva, J., Burrows, R., Reyes, M., Lozoff, B. and Gahagan, S., 2014. Perception of neighborhood crime and drugs increases cardiometabolic risk in Chilean adolescents.Journal of Adolescent Health,54(6), pp.718-723. Monaghan, M., 2012. The recent evolution of UK drug strategies: From maintenance to behaviour change.People, Place Policy Online,6(1), pp.29-40. Monaghan, M., 2014. Drug Policy Governance in the UK: Lessons from changes to and debates concerning the classification of cannabis under the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(5), pp.1025-1030. Moore, K. and Measham, F., 2012. The silent G: A case study in the production of drugs and drug problems.Contemporary Drug Problems,39(3), pp.565-590. Newburn, T. ed., 2012.Handbook of policing. Routledge. Pierce, M., Hayhurst, K., Bird, S.M., Hickman, M., Seddon, T., Dunn, G. and Millar, T., 2015. Quantifying crime associated with drug use among a large cohort of sanctioned offenders in England and Wales.Drug and alcohol dependence,155, pp.52-59. Reuter, P., 2013. Can tobacco control endgame analysis learn anything from the US experience with illegal drugs?.Tobacco control,22(suppl 1), pp.i49-i51. Romero, V., Magaloni, B. and Daz-Cayeros, A., 2014. The Mexican war on drugs: Crime and the limits of government persuasion.International Journal of Public Opinion Research, p.edu009. Stevens, A. (2011). Are drugs to blame?.Criminal Justice Matters, 83(1), pp.24-25. Voisin, D.R., Tan, K., Tack, A.C., Wade, D. and DiClemente, R., 2012. Examining parental monitoring as a pathway from community violence exposure to drug use, risky sex, and recidivism among detained youth.Journal of social service research,38(5), pp.699-711. Walters, G.D., 2014.Drugs, crime, and their relationships: Theory, research, practice, and policy. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Wood, D.M., Greene, S.L. and Dargan, P.I., 2013. Five-year trends in self-reported recreational drugs associated with presentation to a UK emergency department with suspected drug-related toxicity.European Journal of Emergency Medicine,20(4), pp.263-267.

The Eclogues free essay sample

While, Titters has goats he can hardly lead [E. I . 1 3] and is losing his land, Titters invited Melodious to enjoy his abundance of milk cheese with him, to experience his mealy chestnuts. Despite being told of all the dreadful places that Titters will have to relocate to, thirsty Africa, Britannic quite cut off from he whole world, and his poor cabins turf-heaped roof, Titters asserts himself and his prosperity, inviting Melodious to see all that he is missing. Also, in this passage, the second reference to shade and shadows is made.Of course, high mountains will cause taller shadows, however shadows often have a otherworldly meaning to them in Roman literature. Theres a sense of spirits and ghosts that goes along with the word, providing for an eerie end to the first Eclogue. A similar line is said in the third book of Horses odes, as the sun moved around the mountain shadows. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eclogues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . . [H. 3. 6. 41] This poem, Horses 3rd ode and 6th poem, is his most depressing and, not surprisingly most similar to Horses first eclogue.They both deal with the dismal aftermath of the Punic wars. However, Horses poetry focuses on the progeny of the warriors in Romeos civil war. He pays attention mostly to the decay of the morality and sense of duty in the generations after the war. This poem opens with a warning to the current Roman, you will pay for the sins four fathers until you restore the crumbling temples and shrines of the gods and their smoke-blackened images. But this is immediately followed by a reasoning behind this warning, making it seem as if this isnt arbitrary.It is said that because their neglect of the gods has brought many ills to the sorrowing lands of Hesperus. Similarly, as Titters was dealing with relationship problems, so are the Romans of Horses poetry. He has attributed the disaster that has flowed over our whole land and its people CHI. 3. 6. 19] to its corrupted marriage, family, and home. [H. 3. 6. 1 8] The Roman people have lost their sense of family and home, most probably because of the land confiscations. Home and property are a major symbol of belonging and stability for the Romans. With that lost, what is left to hold on to? The generations after the wars have lost their way and their direction. The women no longer have a a moral compass to guide them. A wife is easily persuaded to indulge in illicit pleasures: listening to any calls for her from a Spanish sea captain that will pay for a good price for her shame. [H. 3. 6. 32] After, Horace adds a couple more lines describing the steep decline of the generations after the Punic wars. Saying things like how these cannot be the hillier of men Voodoo stained the sea with Punic blood. [H. . 6. 33] The men who fought in the civil wars were the manly sons of farmer soldiers The men who fought in the wars were the sons of a strict mother. Here, note the singular use of mother. Horace is not describing mother as the maternal figure in a familial setting, which would make sense in this poem due to its ancestral descriptions. But, here, mother is used to describe Rome. These were the children of a strict mother, that lived in a household that was well put together and orderly. The placement of mother and sun so lose to each other is ironic.Even though this irony can only be found through an English translation, it is evocative of lyrics written by The Smiths. In the song How Soon Is Now? , they play with the words son and heir, which, go without saying sound like the elements sun and air. Just like in Horses third ode, he plays with mother and sun and the idea of progeny in terms of a greater scale: the generations to come and their mother, Rome. But, as the sun moved round the mountain shadows, [H. 3. 6. 41] things began to change. Here, the second reference to shadows and shade is made.Just as in Virgins first eclogue when Titters takes refuge in the cool shade, the weary oxen take this time to loose themselves from the yoke. As they are being let go of their duties on their yoke, a chariot brought on the hour they longed for. [H . 3. 6. 44] Concluding this poem is a pessimistic message regarding the present, as well as future generations: Our parents were not the men their fathers were, and they bore children worse than themselves, whose children will be baser still. [H. 3. 6. 45] The final line is not hopeful in the slightest way for a better enervation. It says that it is expected that the people of Rome will only get worse with time. However, saying something like that could be just the motivation that someone needs to better themselves. Comparing these two passages, one will notice the similarities in pastoral imagery and the references to shade and shadow. In addition, it can also be noted that these both have very dark and pessimistic tones to them. Having both been written after the Punic wars and the rise of Augustus, these poems show the displacement of familial values and the daily struggles of the people f Rome after Julius Caesar.Titters has lost his land and has to resort to leaving the country. Girls of the land cannot learn traditional Ionian dance steps because they have been lost to obscene lusts and wives have been lost to Spanish sea captain calls. Horace and Virgil, through Odes and Eclogues, respectively, have shown the downfall of Roman culture after the ascent of Augustus Caesar. Their statuses as respected poets amongst the people of Rome allow them a position of influence to restore the society to what it once was, perjuries.

Robber Baron essays

Robber Baron essays During the late 1800s many prominent business leaders arose in America, such as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefellar, and Thomas Edison. Some of these business giants contributed to America, while others were considered robber barons. This was so due to the monopolizing and use of illegal means to gain affluence. From this control of economy and monopoly came the name robber barons. Andrew Carnegie arrived as a poor immigrant from Scotland. In 1899 he established the Carnegie Steel Corporation, which grew to one of the largest steel corporations in the world by 1901. Carnegie owned the steel market by buying all other steelmills, and thus controlling the steel prices, being able to increase them at his will. By coming up with vertical integration, middleman fees were eliminated, furthering contributing to his affluence. This control of the steel market placed him into the group of robber barons. As Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel market, John D. Rockefellar was alike but in the oil industry. His method which classified him into the robber baron category differed from Carnegie in the fact that he would cooperate with other companies to control the monopoly, known as horizontal integration, contrary to Carnegie's. The control of these companies was conjured by the Standard Oil Trust, made up of a board of trustees and the company's properties were given, where each shareholder received the share of the profits. Rockefellar's company was also shown to be tyrannical of the oil market by buying out smaller companies and the restrictions on trade, which was stopped by the government on the grounds of being in violation to the Sherman Antitrust Act. Out of the three aforementioned prominent business leaders, the only who is not to be considered as a robber baron is Thomas Edison. Edison was a great inventor, creating the incandescent lamp and the world's first electric power station. Creating...

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Business Strategy - Essay Example The product chosen to make the strategic plan is the True Call. The first step is to perform an external analysis of the True Call Ltd. The analysis of the external environment consists of both domestic and global environments of the company. Only a sufficient analysis of the external environment of the business can aid in the strategic positioning of the organization. This also helps in identifying the firm’s stakeholders as well as taking strategic decisions. Strategic planning is a procedure that involves preparing a report of the company’s most important goals, the execution of plans to accomplish them, the evaluation of development as well as the continuous revision of objectives and schedules. This strategic plan serves to build up the operational? financial and strategic focus for True Call Ltd. The plan also addresses many of the opportunities and challenges at the present. As a tool of management, a strategic plan should be developed according to the requiremen ts of the organization that it stands for. Representatives from each department in the organization must participate in the process of strategic planning. If possible, stakeholders and customers can also be made an integral element of the planning activities. When each person participates in the planning phase, the execution of the strategic plan turns out to be less of a challenge. ... The external analysis of True Call Ltd consists of identifying its opportunities and threats. The opportunities and threats to the organization are considered to be a major part of external analysis. These elements exist outside the realm and also depend on forces beyond the control of the company. â€Å"An environmental analysis evaluates internal and external factors impacting an organization's performance, especially its marketing effort† (In Business What is the Environmental Analysis? 2003). Some citizens screen all of their telephone calls? as they prefer to direct all callers to their answering machine, pay attention to the message being said, and only then attend if it is someone they desire to talk to. True Call facility is comparatively better than this. For strategic planning? it is significant to carry out an analysis of the external environment, to identify the internal strengths or core resources of the organization, to assess the organization’s present st rategic choices as well as to select a best strategy that suits the organization. â€Å"Steve Smith and John Price, the Directors of true Call Ltd, have been working in the field of nuisance call control since 1999† (Response to the Consultation by ofcom on Tackling Abandoned and Silent Calls 1st June 2010, 2010). True Call gives a choice of facilities to keep messages secure and private? External environment analysis of the True Call is used to examine the opportunities and threats of this product. Opportunities: â€Å"TrueCAL-MAG is a special chelate complex of 6 sources of calcium with magnesium and other ingredients to assist the body in maintaining healthy bone structure. Calcium is a primary mineral for building the strong structure of bones and teeth† (TrueCal- MAG: Keep